Nature v/s Nurture in Human behaviour development

People behave differently when exposed to similar circumstances; behaviour is an element of genetic factors, attitude, social norms and perceived behavioural conduct that stimulates a response to a certain action or situation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nature v/s Nurture in Human behaviour development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Psychologists have continued debate whether behaviour is a function of nature or nurture. Genetics predispositions  endow human beings with inborn abilities and traits, whereas socialisation process shapes the inborn abilities and traits (Wendy,1999). This paper looks into how genetic predispositions  (nature) and environment (nurture) factors shapes human behaviour. Human behaviour development Debates on whether human behaviour is affected by nurture or nature started getting attention in the 13th century when some psychologists supported genetic predispositions  (nature theory of human behaviour) whereas others were of the opinion that the determinant of human behaviour is the socialization that a person has undergone through (empiricism theory of human behaviour). Recent research and developments in psychology has found that both nature and nurture have a role to play in human behaviour development. Biological processes (nature) A child is a product of its mother and father; physical attributes that the parents had are more likely to be seen in the child. The child may look like the mother or the father and sometimes a relative. The child has these genetic attributes; they are hereditary. When it comes to someone’s behaviour, intelligence, attitude and character, the effect of hereditary aspects is minimal although it has a part to play. Genetics endows human beings with inborn abilities and traits, they are different in different people; these inborn traits can be traced down a certain family despite the socialisation process its people h ave undergone. For example, some families are highly tempered while others prefer a peaceful process of solving issues (Vadackumchery Kattakayam, 2000). Scientists are of the opinion that abstract characters like intelligence, personality, and sexual orientation can be traced in someone’s deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) analysis. A persons DNA is a factor of biological genetics. Studies done on identical twins have shown that they are different in their own way; however, there are some behaviour traits similar to them whether they have been raised under the same condition or different circumstances.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Their reasoning, attitude and sexual orientation have a great deal of similarities. These similarities are proving that they have some genetic attributes deeply instilled in their behaviour. Genetic theory of schizophrenia supports that children born by depressed or stress families are more likely to be stressed later in life whether they have been brought up in the family or not. For example, the world’s concordance rate stands at 1%, however the rate is more in MZ twins than in DZ twins where the rates are 50% and 17% respectively. Research on gender attributes of human being has shown that the identity of whether one is a man or a woman is developed at birth. Some attributes cannot be shaped by socialisation factors for example the differences at adolescent and the effect it has on male and female behaviour. In the support of genetic theory of gender identity, a research was done on Reimer twins, the twins were born male with XY sex chromosomes. After an accident surgery, one of the children was raised as a girl. At later stages in life before and after adolescence, the child refused to be socialized as a girl and developed male socialisation. This supported existence of male genetics that had been developed in the child at birth. Some drawbacks of the theory of nature are that when adopted, it can be used to reinforce and justify indiscipline in the community like criminal acts  or justify  divorce. People may believe that people doing such criminal acts are doing it beyond their control since the genetic powers in them have the control over their behaviour. The concepts of â€Å"born a criminal†, or â€Å"born holy†, may be used to define someone’s character. Of late, there is a heated debate whether gays and lesbianism should be accepted in the society; some supporters are using the theory of nature to support the behaviour (Shaffer    Kipp, 2009). Nurture and human behavior According to empiricism theory of human behaviour, human behaviour is shaped by socialisation that a person has undergone. The choice of one’s actions, attitudes, perception and personality are shaped by the socialisation that starts before a child’s birth and is unending.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nature v/s Nurture in Human behaviour development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At birth, a child is seen as innocent; mentors, peers and the environment around him or her shape the character and attitude he or she develops. Supporters of the theory do not discount that hereditary factors affect human behaviour but are of the opinion that they do not matter. Their influence is only that a person has to be born with some attributes that are reshaped and changed by the environment they are brought up. They are of the opinion that environmental factors are responsible of human behaviour. No man was born a criminal but the criminality in him or her was developed through the process of socialisation. The theory is of the opinion that the learnt behaviour can be changed or moulded by use of appropriate reward/punishment reinforcing mechanism. People learn through observation and imitation of ro le models and the learnt traits are reinforced through the process called vicarious reinforcement. For example, a child may observe an adult being generous, and then the adult gets respect and praise from his peers. A child observing such behaviour may decide to imitate and as a result moulds its behaviour to develop a generous personality trait. B. F. Skinner’s early experiments theory of operant conditioning supports the nurture theory of human behaviour. He demonstrated that human behaviour is moulded through stimulus. In the theory of operant conditioning, certain behaviour exists in the society if the consequences of such behaviour are known. Some people have the potential of being thieves, but when they consider the consequences that they will have when they steal, they opt to change their behaviour. On the other hand, the theory goes in line with Sigmund Freud theory X of motivation, where they observe that human beings are lazy generally but they work in recognition o f the benefits of hard work. Hard work as a human behaviour is developed from the benefits that human beings expect from the virtue but nobody was born a hard worker (Garcà ­a, Elaine,   Richard, 2004). The sense of humour is thought to be a learnt behaviour that is influenced and shaped by the culture and environment that human beings are exposed. This explains why humour in certain area is not as humorous in another area. The theory is supported by differences that exist in identical twins, it argues that if the socialisation process has no effect on human behaviour, then identical twins should be exactly the same whether raised under the same conditions or not.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another observation is seen in discipline forces, why the police and armed forces are likely to think, behave and respond to similar situations in the same way is explained by their behaviour modification that takes place when they are under training. They usually are from diverse background but when on training their behaviour is moulded to behave in a similar manner. The behaviour of human being is moulded by the environment that he or she is living in, for example, before school going age, a child have some behaviour that has been instilled by early care givers may it be parents or baby sitters. When time comes to go to school, the child is exposed to a different environment that he or she needs to adjust his or her behaviour if he has to cope in the environment. Teachers’ advice children on how they should relate with each other. In the efforts of reinforcing good behaviour, teachers give rewards and punish children. In this case, the rewarded child learns the benefit of good behaviour or a certain virtue while other admires and moulds their behaviour in anticipation of rewards in the future (Cartwright, 2001). Conclusion Human behaviour is an element of biological and socialisation factors. People are born with some character traits that are dominant and run down a family. As one matures, the environment a person is socialized in moulds his or her characters, attitude, personality, and behaviour. Both supporters of nature theory and empiricism theory agree that nature and nurture shapes human behaviour, the contentious issue is which of the two is most dominant. References Cartwright, J. (2001).Evolutionary explanations of human behaviour. New York: Routledge. Garcà ­a, C.,  Elaine L.,   Richard, M. (2004). Nature and nurture: the complex interplay of genetic and environmental influences on human behavior and development. New York: Routledge. Shaffer, D.,    Kipp, K. (2009).Developmental Psychology: Childhood and Adolescence .New Jersey: Cen gage Learning. Vadackumchery, J., Kattakayam, J. (2000). Human behaviour and law enforcement. New Delhi: APH Publishing. Wendy, M. (1999). The nature-nurture debate: the essential readings. Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell. This essay on Nature v/s Nurture in Human behaviour development was written and submitted by user Victor Mancha to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Walking Dead. Professor Ramos Blog

The Walking Dead. The Walking Dead was released eight years ago and was an instant hit with almost everybody. It is now on its ninth season and seems to be still going strong as AMC recently announced they will be filming a Walking Dead movie based on the shows most famous character, Rick Grimes. A former sheriff deputy in Atlanta Georgia who was shot in the line of duty and fell into a coma, only to wake up in the midst of a zombie apocalypse. Without the show ever giving you much details of how this zombie apocalypse happened, it leaves the viewer eager to see what the next episode or season will bring to the table. The Walking Dead shows major character development throughout this apocalyptic scenario most viewers enjoy. Kimberly Hickok a staff writer for Live Science believes Zombies represent a longing to reconnect with humanity. â€Å"Humans are naturally good at empathy, but we are bombarded with information from news outlets and technology, which tends to destroy that empathy, especially when it comes to empathy for people outside your personal circle† (Hickok). But, without technology the characters in the show are personally responsible deciding whether the person they encounter is good or bad. These decisions Rick Grimes and other characters need to make in the show really take a toll on the themselves as they fight for any means of survival. You slowly watch the empathy of these characters fade and in some sort of way reappear in certain situations, though rarely. As the show goes on you find yourself becoming in some way attached to each character, almost as if you were part of the show itself. The Walking Dead goes through its abundance of characters as quickly as some of these characters don’t last on the show. Whether they are eaten alive, turn into zombies or as this show likes to call it, â€Å"walkers†. Or inevitably meet their fate to another group of survivors trying to harvest each other goods such as food and weapons. What I like most about this show is I feel it gives a good representation of how scarce supplies can be during such an apocalyptic event. Which in end causes characters having to make rash decisions based on their survival throughout the longevity of the show. You see people go from good to what looks to be bad based off events the characters must do in order to survive. This show is filled with many major antagonists that show signs of pure evilness with zero sense of empathy. One of the most infamous of these antagonists is Negan. So evil and almost God-like, people bow to him in fear as he torments his group of people with torture and death to keep them in line and in constant fear of their lives. Without giving too much away, there is a scene with Negan in one of the episodes of seasons 6 that leaves you with a gut-wrenching feeling of hopelessness that feels so real it keeps the viewers mind racing. It is during this episode that you can truly and without a doubt get sense of their reality and what it might feel like to be in a situation like that. Maybe this is why it is one of the most memorable episodes The Walking Dead has released (Bryant). Though the shows does indeed have some downfalls, such as random deaths where a single zombie somehow puts people or characters I should say, into this frozen fear where the character almost allows himself or herself to just be eaten or bitten. Noel Murray a reporter for the Rolling Stones says, â€Å"The characters talk and talk and talk†¦This isn’t really a new problem with The Walking Dead, nor is it at all unique to the show. But still – there’s an awful lot of â€Å"conflict† that consists of two people with opposing viewpoints just standing around and grumbling at each other†. Yes, the show does consist of episodes where there may be more talking and less dying or fighting but Murray also counters his argument with, â€Å"The writers seem to think this is essential to the drama. Muted dialogue scenes give the story room to breathe and clarify where everybody stands. But the characters hardly ever talk about anything new.† But at wh at point is there anything â€Å"new† to talk about besides looking for food, shelter, weapons, and surviving from zombies. After all, those are a lot of the most important things in need during a zombie apocalypse. So, I find it hard myself to believe the characters would be focused on talking about anything but those necessities. Overall, IMDb gives this show an 8.4 out of 10 stars as where I’d give it a little closer to nine. This show brings a brilliant edge on a world filled with zombies as everyone scrambles to survive. It fills the viewer with emotions and character fulfillment that many want in all of their shows. The Walking Dead was nominated for a Golden globe for best television series as well as being a winner for a Primetime Emmy for outstanding prosthetic makeup for a series, miniseries, movie or special. And I couldn’t agree more, as the show progresses you see these zombies become so real, with blood, guts, and rotting, decaying corpses that they mindlessly walk in. The Walking Dead has been nominated for Primetime Emmy’s multiple of times for outstanding prosthetics as well as special effects the show brings. If you love a zombie apocalyptic themed show that keeps you on edge and brings a real-life factor of survival and rash decision making than look no further, this show is for you. I’ve seen my fair share of zombie movies, and I would choose this show 100% over any of them. What really makes the show is the Actor Andrew Lincoln, also known as Rick Grimes who portrays his character effortlessly as if you were watching a documentary of his life during this zombie apocalypse. Andrew Lincoln brilliantly portrays his character development through all nine seasons and makes â€Å"The Walking Dead† a must watch Tv series. Bryant, Adam. â€Å"Everything You Need to Know About the Walking Dead.† Tv Guide. January 2018. https://www.tvguide.com/news/walking-dead-primer-everything-you-need-to-know/ Hickok, Kimberley. â€Å"9 Reasons We Have an Undying Interest in the Undead†. Live Science. August 2018. https://www.livescience.com/63365-why-love-zombies.html Murray, Noel. â€Å"The Walking Dead: What the Hell Happened to this Show?†. Rolling Stone. April 2018. https://www.rollingstone.com/tv/tv-news/the-walking-dead-what-the-hell-happened-to-this-show-627893/ â€Å"The Walking Dead†. IMDb. November 2018. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1520211/?ref_=tt_urv Eric Kazos English 010 3pm

Atlas of an Ingredient Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Atlas of an Ingredient - Assignment Example It is the world’s third highest agricultural production, Sugarcane and maize are the first and second. Most rice fields are first filled with a half foot of water and then small rice plants are grown in rows. It is mostly produced on yearly production basis. Some rice types do not require immense amount of water to grow; these can be harvested on normal fields without water dispense (Juliano & Hicks, 1996). Rice is characterized according to color, size of rice grain and specific taste and texture. A rice grain contains about 90% of carbohydrate, 8% proteins and only 2% fats as macro nutrients; while it also contains magnesium, folic, calcium, iron and vitamin A as the micro nutrients in different amounts according to the type of rice. The following nutritional chart for a serving of one cup or 158 grams of rice illustrates the macro and micro nutrients. Various beer brands utilize the rice to make beer. It is due to the fact that rice is packed with 90% of the carbohydrate (Smith, 1998). Rice porridge is made in the similar way as that of the wheat porridge. â€Å"Chelo† is a rice dish in Persia that is famous due to golden rice. Rice is used in various sweets dishes also. Paella is the Spain’s national dish that makes use of rice as the major ingredient. Per capita rice consumption is some counties exceed more than 200 kg annually. Countries like Myanmar, Bangladesh, Indonesia, India and Japan consume rice at massive level. China, India and Indonesia are the three biggest rice producers in the world. The three major rice exporters are Thailand, Vietnam and Pakistan with exporting capacity of about 8500, 6500 and 3800 thousand metric tons accordingly (Juliano & Hicks, 1996). Rice is cooked by boiling or steaming it at low or high flame. The amount of water to boil rice depends on the type and amount of rice. In risotto, rice is first glossed first in oil

Illegal Immigration and High Rating Crimes in the United States Essay

Illegal Immigration and High Rating Crimes in the United States - Essay Example The intention of this study is hate crime generally as crime that is targeted at victims due to their affiliation to particular a social group. The social group may be defined in terms of disability, sexual orientation, political affiliation, race, religion, class, age, ethnicity, nationality, social status, gender, or gender identity according to Lipman, J. and Francine. Better stated, hate crimes are crimes that are motivated by bias usually taking the form of assault, violence and at the worst, murder. Other forms of hate crime include harassment, bullying, insults, verbal abuse and the use of offensive words in writing or painting, just to mention a few. Hate crimes inflict a lot of psychological and sometimes physical pain to victims of the crime. It basically infringes on people’s fundamental and civil rights. Statistics show that the United States of America has high rates of hate crimes, the Black Americans commonly being the victims. In fact, out of 8000 reported hate crimes in the US recorded in 1995 by the FBI, about 3000 cases involved Black American victims. This minority group faced the highest level of victimization in the year. However, this is not to say that Minority groups such as the Hispanics, Muslims, Gays, Jews, Native Americans and Asians do not face a lot of hate crimes. Illegal immigration is the act of foreigners violating national immigration laws and/or policies by entering and residing in a place without official authorization. Illegal immigrants are naturally aliens.... ate crime include harassment, bullying, insults, verbal abuse and the use of offensive words in writing or painting, just to mention a few (Stotzer, 2007). Hate crimes inflict a lot of psychological and sometimes physical pain to victims of the crime. It basically infringes on people’s fundamental and civil rights. Statistics show that the United States of America has high rates of hate crimes, the Black Americans commonly being the victims. In fact, out of 8000 reported hate crimes in the US recorded in 1995 by the FBI, about 3000 cases involved Black American victims (Stotzer, 2007). This minority group faced the highest level of victimization in the year. However, this is not to say that Minority groups such as the Hispanics, Muslims, Gays, Jews, Native Americans and Asians do not face a lot of hate crimes. Illegal Immigration in the United States of America Illegal immigration is the act of foreigners violating national immigration laws and/or policies by entering and resi ding in a place without official authorization (Miller, 2007). Illegal immigrants are naturally aliens. The United States suffers illegal immigration as a result of the wide perception, by people across the world, that the country is a haven of opportunities. As of 2008, the Center of immigration studies estimated that close to 11 million people illegally lived in the US (Bahrampour, 2010)). Other bodies give slightly different statistics relating to illegal immigrants in the country. The Pew Hispanic Center reported in 2005 that about 55% of the illegal immigrants were Mexicans, 3% Africans, 6% Canadians and Europeans, 13% Asians, and 22% Latinos (Passel, 2006). There are many people who have had conducted studies related to illegal immigration and associated problems. According to Miller

Environmental impact & modern methods of construction Essay

Environmental impact & modern methods of construction - Essay Example Project Overview The project is focused on erecting a GBP 12.5 million school building. The building will constructed by demolishing the old structures. The new infrastructure is located in a residential area which is the main concern of the project proponent. Aside from successfully raising the building, the Project Manager needs to devise strategies that will eliminate environmental hazards and other related problems. Project Participants The main proponent of the project is the government which serves as the main source of funds. The private contract shall be determined through public biddings. The private contractor is responsible for ensuring that necessary permits are obtained as well as systematic planning and execution are undertaken. The other players are the residents living adjacent to the proposed location which will likely be affected by the construction. Contractor Determination The Authority requires all interested parties to submit their initial bids which have to include contract terms, tender and construction programmes, general work details and proposed design. The Authority will establish a committee that will decide which of the bidders will move to the next phase. The second part of the process involves actual costing, detailed work scope and the comprehensive construction plan. The winning bidder will be decided based on a majority vote and is required to provide a final tender for approval. The committee established by the Authority also serves as the oversight team which will ensure that the Contractor provides high quality and sustainable work. 1.4. Pre-acquisition and Post-acquisition Survey The Contractor will be provided with the information on the site upon acquisition by the Authority. The Authority stipulates no warranties regarding the information on the property. Other surveys that need to be implemented include for asbestos, trees, arch aeological desktop assessment and geotechnical and environmental desktop assessment. The results from these surveys are not part of the contractual documentation. 1.5. Work Scope The scope involves the following aspects that needs to be considered to promote sustainable construction 1.5.1. Accessibility and Disability Discrimination The Department of Education has listed thirty eight statutory requirements for building schools in the UK. The Contractor has to include an Accessibility Plan which is an important necessity. The schools have to be designed to promote learning and facilitate the manner in which the students reach their classrooms. Another important statutory requirement is the disability equality policy. The Contractor must take into account the Disability Discrimination Act of 1995 as basis for designing the building. Classrooms and other amenities have to account for students that have physical impairments. 1.5.2. Workings Hours The hours involved in constructing the b uilding have to be in accordance with governing rules and regulations. The Project Manager stipulates the allowable time for work from Monday to Friday which is 8:00 AM to 17:00 PM and on Saturdays which is from 8:00 AM to 13:00 PM. The Project Mana

Change of Shift Report in Nursing

Change of Shift Report in Nursing Change in Practice Assignment: Shift Report Elizabeth Campins Nurses communicate information about their assigned client at the end of each shift to the nurse working on the next shift. Shift report provides updated patient’s status for continuity of care. The purpose of this assignment is to analyze the effectiveness of the change-of-shift-report at bedside and the implementation of evidence-based practice for an accurate and relevant report. The Problem There are different change-of-shift-report according to the institution rules and regulations. The different ways to give the end-of-shift report vary among institutions, and especially among different units in the same hospital. It constitutes a problem for nurses, particularly when they float from unit to unit (Dufault et al., 2012). Some common types of reports are orally in person, by audiotape, and walking- planning rounds. Oral reports are given in conference rooms, with staff members from both shifts participating. It has the advantage that they allow staff members to ask questions or make clarifications face to face. By audiotape recording question and clarifications have to be made after listening to the tape report. The problem is that orally and audiotapes reports are made without visualizing the client actual condition. The status of a patient, changes in vital signs, unusual response to treatments, and changes in client’s emotional condition can happen very quickly. These quick changes in a client’s condition can cause a gap of information between what is written or recorded in a report and what the client is experiencing at the moment. Inaccurate information can lead to treatment using outdated or even incorrect information that puts the patient and the nurse at risk. Nurse’s consent on taking the client with no direct observation are in danger of being responsible for any critical situation aroused at the last minute that it was not in the report, including death of the patient. Nurses accepting the assignment are responsible and accountable to the care of that patient they have not seen yet (Nelson Massey, 2010). Because nurse-patient relationship begins when the nurse accepts responsibility for nursing care, it does not matter the modality of the shift report, nurses are still accountable. Change in the way of giving an end-of-shift report is an implementation needed in every health care institution. Considering one format with the same protocol in every unit can be the most efficient strategy for bedside shift report. This implementation will reduce the possibilities of communication errors that is the most reported cause of sentinel events in U.S hospitals (Guido, 2013), and also has the advantage of involving the family in client car e. Practice Change The evidence-based change to practice propose in this assignment is a standardized protocol for bedside-shift-report. Evidence supports that breakdown in communication and medical errors occur during end-of- shift-report (Gregory, Tan, Tilrico, Edwardson, Gamm, 2014). The proposed standardized protocol for the report will use the SBARP format: Situation will review admitting information, problem list, and diagnosis. Background will include a review of past medical history, social history, resuscitation status if any, current orders and medication list. Assessment will be together with the oncoming nurse including validating progress notes and verification of the most recent vital signs. This step will be with nurses already in the patient room. Recommendation will be in front of the patient to discuss what the care plan for the shift is. Patient participation will consider patient concerns and questions. Gathering relevant information from medical notes and nursing documentation is the first step to initiate the report. It is necessary to validate all information with the actual status of the patient to facilitate the transfer to the recipient of the report. The oncoming nurse will review assignment sheet and read information on the computerized reports. At the time of meeting with the off-going nurse, it is necessary to review the information and to add what is not on the computerized report. This time outside of the patient room may be an appropriate time to discuss any sensitive information that may be considered an HIPAA violation if family members are present or when the patient is in semi-private rooms. Some staff members are skeptic in being able to discuss a sensitive topic as infectious diagnosis, HIV, drug abuse or psychiatric issues in front of and with the patient. In this case, both nurses could go to a private setting before entering the patient room. The study recommen dation is to adjust models as appropriate to attain and sustain the outcomes. Each off-going nurse will provide a verbal report at the bedside of the patient using the SBARP format (Dufault et al., 2012). Would be necessary highlight every critical area considering situation that include admitting information and diagnosis problem list. Nurse need to review past medical history, current orders, resuscitation status, med list, among others. At the time of the assessment oncoming nurse will verify the most recent patient assessment, review labs, vital signs and read progress notes. Any observation shared with the patient is useful for meeting their needs and also to find out what is not in need at that time. Both nurses need to discuss the proposed plan of care to move to the next level. Reporting in front of the patient reassures the patients that they are the priority and nurses are aware of the details in the client condition. Off going nurse will introduce to the patient the oncom ing nurse, and assess the patient concerns and the care plan for the day. This strategy will give to the patient a sense of security and wiliness to participate in their care with the recommended options. Finally, the off-going nurse turns over patient to the oncoming nurse (Dufault et al., 2012). Evidence Supporting the Proposed Change The first research study that supports the evidence for bedside shift report is Translating an Evidence-Based Protocol for Nurse-to-Nurse Shift Report (Dufault et al., 2012). The purpose of this study was standardizing communication practices to reduce the risk of patients in an acute care environment as a result of a gap in communication at the time of the shift report. It focuses on how to translate research into practice model to generate the best-practice-protocol for nurse-to-nurse shift handoffs in a Magnet designated community hospital in U.S. The project used the Collaborative Research Utilization (CRU) model with a six-step translating-research-into-practice approach. The model use three steps in this order: Identifying clinical problems related to change on shift report. The second is appraising and evaluating the strength of theoretical, empirical and clinical evidence. And the third one is the translation of this evidence into a best practice and standardized protocol for change of shift report. It has its basis in the Roger’s Adoption of Innovation Theory that considers three important factors to improve research translation into practice. The first one is the availability of a validated and predictable knowledge. Second, need of a competent staff using this knowledge with a favorable attitude toward the research. Third, a supportive policy-generating structure that promotes innovation (Dufault et al., 2012). Additionally to CRU model with its groundwork of Roger’s Adoption of Innovations Theory it was included Orlando’s Nursing Theory. It emphasizes in meeting the patient’s need and value the concept of nursing’s role as client-family advocate. The model gives tools to the review for validated literature on nursing shift reports. It provides a guide of research roundtables (experiential, problem-focused learning exercises) to evaluate and translate the empirical knowledge. Additionally, at the time to create the organizational structures within the hospital it provides the test; sustain evidence-based policies, and standards needed to cue clinical actions. While the transition to change, the above-mentioned model, paired in teams of clinicians, nurse researchers, clinical specialists, undergraduate and graduate nurse students. This strategy addresses the clinical issue, in this case, development of a standardized protocol for nurses’ shift report. The before mentioned approaches to change has been tested in other previously apply problems in which the evidence-based is strong. The second research study was Bedside Shift Reports: What Does the Evidence Say? By (Gregory, Tan, Tilrico, Edwardson, Gamm, 2014). This study summarizes a systematic literature review of BSRs and serves as a mechanism to relate the support for improving quality of care and patient safety. After strong evidence supporting the benefits of BSR, sustainability is still an issue. As a result, many studies recommend assessing staff attitudes before and after implementation to identify if periodic interventions are needed to sustain desired change in practice. Models of bedside report incorporating the patient into the triad have been shown to increase patient engagement and enhance caregiver support and education. This study analyzed Thirty-three titles divided into six categories: team-based variables, dynamic relationships, individual benefits, confidentiality concerns, accountability and cost efficiency. Twenty-five studies were reporting team-based variables that discuss positive attitudes and improved patient-centered care, team collaboration, and care coordination after implementation of BSR. In sixty-four percent of these studies (n=16) was noted an increased patient care. Only twelve percent (n=3) of the articles cited increased family-centered care within team-based variable. Enhanced team collaboration was observed in thirty-two percent of the articles. Nurses reported increased communication, timeliness, and consistency of information. Seventeen of the articles cited positive aspects of the nurse-nurse relationships. It included providing emotional support to on another, increased communication, mentoring and coaching and overcoming feelings of discomfort during BSRs. Twenty-nine articles highlighted individual benefits of BSRs for the patient, nurse, and even physician. Fifteen articles expressed confidentiality concerns with BSRs when discussing sensitive information about the patient especially during a family visit or semi-private rooms. Eight articles show advantage and disadvantage regarding accountability and reducing overtime accumulated between shifts changes. In resume, nurse shift reports are one of the most crucial processes in patient care were patient safety can be improved to reduce medical errors in the U.S. Evaluating the Change Press Ganey Patient Satisfaction Survey data (Press Ganey, 2015.) was used to evaluate patient preference and nursing staff competence. It described the patient-centered, evidence-based, best practice protocol developed for the hospital, it made eight recommendations. The study evaluates the information content of the bedside-shift-report in a medium sized magnet-designated community hospital. It serves a high population of tourists, the military and older adults from the surrounding community. This population is similar in the percent of minorities, gender, and socioeconomic status to others community hospitals in the state. Bedside reports have been supported by improving patient safety, patient-centered care, and nurse communication as well as reduce medical errors by the Joint Commission’s National Patient Safety Goals (The Joint Commission, 2015). The project has a positive and sustained impact as an effective approach to handoffs report, and in other problem-solving in the future (Dufault et al., 2012). The results of the study indicate that standardized BSRs will increase compliance, increase patient’s and nurses’ satisfaction, and will saves nurses time. But it was found weak or little evidence to support the use of specific structure, protocol, or method for BSRs (Gregory, Tan, Tilrico, Edwardson, Gamm, 2014). The evidence is clear of the benefits to models of BSRs. The task is to identify the suitable model that fit each organization and patient population to attain and sustain the outcomes. Summary Bedside shift reports is a critical process in patient care that can improve patient safety, and reduce errors as a consequence of communication gaps during the transfer of information at the end of each shift. This assignment addressed the problem, and the evidence-based change to practice as with the standardized protocol for bedside-shift-report. We based our conclusion on two studies Translating an Evidence-Based Protocol for Nurse-to-Nurse Shift Report (Dufault et al., 2012), and Bedside Shift Reports: What Does the Evidence Say? By (Gregory, Tan, Tilrico, Edwardson, Gamm, 2014). After analyzing the data and evaluating the change proposed, we mention the most relevant results concerning to this change. References Dufault, M., Duquette, C. E., Ehmann, J., Hehl, R., Lavin, M., Martin, V., Willey, C. (2012, March 9). Translating an evidence-based protocol for nurse-to-nurse shift handoffs. Wiley Online Library, 7(2), 59-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6787.2010.00189.x Gregory, S., Tan, D., Tilrico, M., Edwardson, N., Gamm, L. (2014, October). Bedside shift reports: What does the evidence say? JONA, 44(10), 541-545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NNA.0000000000000115 Guido, G. W. (2013). Legal and ethical issue in nursing (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Nelson, B. A., Massey, R. (2010). Implementing an electronic change-of-shift report using transforming care at the bedside processes and methods. JONA, 40(4), 162-168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NNA.0b013e3181d40dfc Press Ganey website. (2015). http://www.pressganey.com/resources/patient-satisfaction-survey The Joint Commission website. (2015). http://www.jointcommission.org/standards_information/npsgs.aspx

Example of Cause and Effect Essay

VERTIGO Vertigo is a feeling of dizziness. Person with vertigo often feel that their body or the things around them are moving or spinning when they are standing. It can be caused by a problem with the balance mechanisms of the inner ear, a problem with the nerves that connect the brain to the middle ear, or a problem with brain cause a head injury. The most frequent cause of vertigo is there is a problem with the balance mechanisms of the inner ear.When the virus or bacterical infected the inflammation of the labyrinth (a system of canals and cavities within the inner ear which gives us our sense of balance), such as common cold or flu virus that spread to the labyrinth, or when the crystal of vestibular labyrinth, inside the ear, become dislodged and move in to the one of semicircular canal, it will make the patient suddenly get the feeling of vertigo. A problem with the nerves that connect the brain to the middle ear is also the cause of vertigo.When a person gets vestibular neuri tis (inflammation of the vestibular – the nerve running to the vestibule), it will destroy the collaboration between the semicircular canals and the brain work to control the body balance and he will get the feeling of vertigo. The other cause of vertigo is there is a problem with brain caused a head injury. Some people who get a head injury, because of an accident or a strong earth quake, most of them suddenly feel that all the things around them moving or spinning.The sudden sensation can occur many times a day. It occurs because the head injury destroys the balance nerve in their brain. Many things can cause vertigo (a dizziness feeling that makes people feel that their body or their surrounding are moving or spinning). But the three most frequent causes of vertigo are a problem with the balance mechanisms of the inner ear, a problem with the nerves that connect the brain to the middle ear, or a problem with brain cause a head injury.

Bay Area Architecture

When talking about California architecture one would surely imagine low red-tiled roofs with white stucco arches, but, in fact, Californian architecture is much more complex and diverse. A strong impact on the building up of the area had Spanish and Mexican occupation that brought in presidios, pueblos, and ranchos. In addition, Victorian tastes were introduced at the arrival of gold-seeking Easterners.In the course of time other factors influenced the landscape of the Bay area and more and more new styles found their embodiment in this ‘alfresco museum of architecture history ’. Namely the turn of the twentieth century was marked by Morris’s idea concerning prevalence of handmade things over those machine-made and return to the Nature, as well as key principles of the Bauhaus school, which said that ‘beautiful’ stands for simple and functional.These trends left traces on the Californian land in the form of bungalows, one- or two-storied houses with g ently pitched broad gables, one large gable covering the major part of the house and often a second, lower gable, covering a porch (1). During the first half of the 20th century, many professionals left their imprint in California in form of amazing collection and mixture of different styles and designs. Among them is perhaps the most influential and mysterious architect of the last century Frank Lloyd Wright.Remarkably, that he introduced his own commonly known as the Usonian style (named after the United States), which reflected his social ideas: â€Å"the buildings were designed for economical construction and to be energy efficient within their specific climate zone† as well as well as shows a dramatic impact of the Japanese culture (open floor plans, flowing interiors with movable screen partitions, an abundance of natural light, overhanging eaves and shallow pitch roofs, etc. ) (2). The Usonian Style is based on the concept that any architectural project should â€Å"n aturally† combine its functions and stay in harmony with the site of its location.Therefore, the Usonian style integrated some elements of the International style architecture of volume, flat roofs, etc. but unlike its prototype, the Usonian style utilizes not industrial but natural materials peculiar for each site such as stone and wood siding (3). In general, the most characteristic features of the Usonian style are: – Open plan – Large overhanging flat roofs, on occasion, low pitched gable roofs were used – Concealed front entrances – Board and Batten siding – Large floor to ceiling windows – Brick used as accent material – Banding of windowsMoreover, windows had typically individual casements, doors were simple panel and house were not typically painted but for an accent color (3). Notably that the architect experimented not only with shapes and forms of the buildings but also with colors, namely he employed purple (maroon) color and the success of such innovation can be seen on the example of his Californian work under the name of Hanna Honeycomb House. Such name is not accidental but due to the specific construction of the building. The house is patterned after the bee honeycomb and incorporates a number of six-sided figures.The author himself gave the following comments on his work: â€Å"The dominant feeling was of wonderful, secluded shelter, with the kind of aura I knew in the big old houses of my childhood†¦ In view of the fact that no house of my childhood was ever so casually joined to the outdoors, so profusely fenestrated and skylighted, or so varied in levels and ceiling heights, I was surprised that I was so emotionally familiar with the place. To feel so secure without the dark and gloom of restricting walls, yet I felt free.Not the kind of airiness associated with open, glass walls, which makes me feel as though I might fall out the windows, but a feeling of having space to move ar ound in and somewhere to go. The hexagon has been conservatively treated, however. It is allowed to appear in plan only and in the furniture, which literally rises from †¦ the floor slab upon which the whole rests. To me, here is a lead into a new, fascinating realm of form—although it is somewhat repressed on the side of dignity and repose in this first expression of the idea† (4:32-33).To see the realized Wright’s architectural design all you have to do is just to come to Stanford campus. The reason for such location is simple – it was designed specially for the Hannas (Paul R. and Jean), a couple of well known Stanford tutors. A first the building was intended for two of them only but as the family widens, so did the house, which was quite easy because of its honeycomb design. In general, the Hanna-Honeycomb house is a one-story building with a central wall adjoining the roof (a clerestory) and made of widespread here redwood, San Jose brick, glass and cement.The whole design of the site comprises not only the main house, but also a guesthouse, storage, garage, as well as a garden house with a pool and a miniature artificial; waterfall. Though seriously damaged during the earthquake of 1989 Wright’s masterpiece was restored and reopened in 1999. Moreover, it is included into the list of National Historic Landmarks and what is more, the American Institute of Architects named it as one of 17 best Frank Lloyd Wright’s buildings worth seeing and being preserved as a cultural legacy for next generations.To cut the long story short, the Bay Area may be rightfully regarded the best showroom of various styles and designs, brought in by Spanish and Mexican invaders first, then left as traces of the gold-seekers, and last but not the least, owing to the fact that Californian marvelous landscapes have always attracted famous and not very architects and designers to test their knowledge and skills and to cast their names in the form of beautiful buildings which are so numerous in California.One of them is Frank Lloyd Wright whose first trial on the Californian land proved to be successful and hence we can rest our eyes on of his Hanna-Honeycomb house, which is placed among National Historic Landmarks of the United States. Bibliography 1. Bay Area Architecture. Retrieved on December 3, 2005 from: http://www. cr. nps. gov/nr/travel/santaclara/bayareaarchitecture.htm 2. Frank Lloyd Wright. Retrieved on December 3, 2005 from: http://www. greatbuildings. com/gbc. html 3. The Usonian Style. Retrieved on December 3, 2005 from: http://www. arapahoeacres. org/usonian_style. htm 4. John Sergeant. Frank Lloyd Wright's Usonian Houses: The Case for Organic Architecture. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, 1976. ISBN 0-8230-7178-2.

4 Types of Business Writing [And When to Use Them]

4 Types of Business Writing [And When to Use Them] The world of business writing can seem vast. Each office seems to have variations of documents, each with their personalized templates and industry focus. Varying scenarios require varying forms of business writing. However, the innumerable documents can be distilled into to four main categories. Each category has its overall goal. Based on the objective, each of the many business documents falls within these four broad segments. This article will break down the broad field of business writing into four categories. Understanding these conceptual divisions will help guide your decisions about your document choice and goal. Style Reminders While the document goal varies, the core of business writing does not. Effective professional writing is written with a clearly defined audience and purpose in mind. This is results-oriented writing. The text helps the reader do or know something. The writing style should be written to be concise, relevant, and understandable. Excessive wording, jargon, or extraneous information have no place in any type of business writing. Each element of the document supports the communication of the purpose to the reader. Of course, good writing is free of grammar and spelling errors and inaccurate information. 1. Instructional Business Writing Instructional business writing provides the reader with the information needed to complete a task. The task may need be accomplished immediately or it may be for future reference. This type of document must break down a process into steps that are understandable to the reader. The written record must account for reader’s knowledge of the area, the scope of the task while integrating variations or potential problems. Examples: User Manual: a guide focused on allowing the customer to use a product. Effective user manuals are crucial to a good user experience and a happy customer. User manuals are often considered part of technical writing, which is closely related to business writing. Specifications: a technical document which provides an outline of a product or process that allows it be constructed or reconstructed by an unfamiliar but knowledgeable user, enabling effective distribution. Memo: a short notification of new information shared within a large group in an organization. The memo may include a direct instruction or be a reference on how to complete future tasks. 2. Informational Business Writing Not all business writing requires action. A large volume of writing is created for reference or record. This category can include some of the less glamorous but still essential documents. Recording business information accurately and consistently is important for marking progress, predicting future work, as well as complying with legal and contractual obligations. Report: perhaps the bulk of informational writing is report writing. Organizations rely on reports to act, to communicate business and technical information, to capture work completed, to record incidents, to finalize projects and recommendations, and to act as an archive. A well written report allows the reader to easily grasp the content and, if applicable, make informed decisions. Financials: documents that outline the financial state of a company. These statements provide a fiscal snapshot of a company over a defined period. Minutes: a summary of the proceedings of a meeting. A record of discussions, decisions, and assignments for attendees and others. 3. Persuasive Business Writing When people think of business writing, they often think of the persuasive writing category. These documents are generally associated with sales. The persuasive writing may be direct, with focus on a specific item, or indirect, with focus on developing the client relationship. The goal is to two-fold: to convey information and to convince the reader that the presented information offers the best value. The text is written to impress the reader and sway their decision. Proposals: these documents outline an offer of a product or service to a specific potential client. The proposal generally presents project overview, benefits, timeline, costs, and competency. Sales Email: an email written to a large number of people to pitch a product or service. Press Release: a text written for journalists and media presenting new information. The text aims to persuade the reader to share the content through their own channels 4. Transactional Business Writing Everyday communication falls under transactional business writing. The majority of this writing is by email, but also includes official letters, forms, and invoices. An easy way to quickly improve your transactional business writing is totake an online course. These documents are used to progress general operations. They are also used to convey good and bad news, often associated with human resource processes. Emails: documents used to quickly communicate information between staff or clients in business activities. Read our guide on how to write a business email here. Dismissal notice: this letter provides the official context and procedural details associated with employment termination. Each business document falls into one of these four categories. By determining the category, you will better understand your document’s goal. This insight will improve your writing.

The Grim Sleeper Serial Killer Case

The Grim Sleeper Serial Killer Case For more than two decades, the Los Angeles Police Department worked to solve a series of 11 murders that occurred between 1985 and 2007 that were linked to the same suspect by DNA and ballistic evidence. Because the killer took an apparent 14-year hiatus between 1988 and 2002, the media dubbed him the Grim Sleeper. Here are the current developments in the trial of Lonnie Franklin Jr. Judge Blocks Defense DNA Evidence Nov. 9, 2015 - A proposed witness for the defendant in the Los Angeles Grim Sleeper case is not qualified to testify as an expert, a judge has ruled. Superior Court Judge Kathleen Kennedy said the testimony of a so-called DNA expert could not be used at the upcoming trial of Lonnie Franklin Jr. Lawrence Sowers was prepared to testify that some of the DNA found at the crime scenes of victims attributed to Franklin belonged to convicted serial killer Chester Turner instead. Judge Kennedy ruled that Sowers woefully failed to meet the generally accepted methods of the scientific community in the area of forensic DNA analysis. During a week-long evidentiary hearing, Sowers buckled under fierce cross-examination by Deputy District Attorney Marguerite Rizzo, who challenged him on his education, his calculations, and errors in his findings. When Sowers began to change his finding during the hearing, Franklins defense attorney Seymour Amster asked the judge to postpone the hearing. I do not feel comfortable, Amster told the judge, representing Mr. Franklin at this moment with Dr. Sowers on this case. An obviously frustrated Judge Kennedy denied the request. I’m not suspending this proceeding, Kennedy said. We have been in progress on it for days and days and days and days and days and we’re going to finish it. Franklin is scheduled to go on trial Dec. 15 on 11 counts of murder and other charges. Franklin Questions DNA Evidence May 1, 2015 - An attorney for the accused serial killer known as the Grim Sleeper believes DNA evidence in the cases of two women his client is suspected of killing belongs to another serial killer already on death row. Seymour Amster, attorney for Lonnie Franklin Jr., told the court that an expert hired by the defense connected DNA from two of the cases to Chester Turner, who was convicted of killing 14 women in the Los Angeles area in the 1980s and 1990s. At a pretrial hearing, Amster told the judge that the defenses case will revolve around the DNA evidence. He said his experts finding will produce lingering doubt in the minds of the jurors. Prosecutor Beth Silverman called the defense DNA findings outlandish. She said Turners DNA has been in the system for years and if any of the DNA evidence in the Franklin case was Turners it would have produced a match a long time ago. This guys taking it [the DNA] and doing his own abracadabra, Silverman told reporters, and coming up with a conclusion that is outrageous. The defense had requested DNA profiles of everyone who committed a violent felony during the 1980s and 1990s. Judge Kathleen Kennedy denied the motion, calling it a fishing expedition. Grim Sleeper Trial Date Set Feb. 6, 2015 - Nearly five years after a suspect was arrested in a series of Los Angeles murders known as the Grim Sleeper case, a trial date has finally been set. Superior Court Judge Kathleen Kennedy said jury selection will begin June 30 in the murder trial of Lonnie Franklin Jr., who is accused of killing 10 women and one man from 1985 to 2007. The setting of the trial date came after members of the families of victims in the case spoke out in court demanding a speedy trial. The family members were able to do so under the provisions of a new California law, known as Marsys Law, which is a voter-approved bill of rights for victims of crime. The law allows family members to address the court and demand a speedy trial. Those who spoke during the hearing blamed Franklins attorney for the delay in justice, saying he has been dragging his feet. Prior to the passing of Marsys Law, it was up to the discretion of the judge if victims families were allowed to speak at court hearings, parole hearings, and sentencing. The prosecution also blamed the defense for the delays in the case. Deputy District Attorney Beth Silverman said Judge Kennedy has failed to hold the defense to deadlines. Franklins attorney, Seymour Amster, said it was the prosecution who was responsible for delays because they have not turned over evidence in the case for further DNA testing. Amster said a defense expert found DNA from another man and three of the Grim Sleeper crime scenes and wants to run tests on more pieces found at the scenes. There are rumors that Im trying to delay this thing, he said. Im really not. Im a strong proponent of do it once, do it right. Previous Developments Grim Sleeper Evidence Legal, Judge RulesJan. 8, 2014DNA evidence that linked a former Los Angeles garbage collector to at least 16 murders was obtained legally, a California judge has ruled. Judge Kathleen Kennedy ruled that DNA from Lonnie Franklin Jr. could be used at his trial in what is known as the Grim Sleeper serial killer case. Death Penalty Sought for Grim SleeperAug. 1, 2011Prosecutors will seek the death penalty for a California man accused of the serial killings of women in a case known as the Grim Sleeper murders. Lonnie Franklin Jr. is facing charges in the murder of 10 women and attempted murder of another. More Victims Linked to Grim Sleeper?April 6, 2011Investigators in Los Angeles believe the Grim Sleeper serial killer, already accused in 10 murders, may be responsible for eight additional deaths. Police are looking for the publics help in identifying three possible victims of Lonnie Franklin Jr. from photos they found hidden at his home. Grim Sleeper Pictures Provide Few CluesDec. 27, 2010Suspecting more victims in the Grim Sleeper serial killer case, the Los Angeles Police Department released to the public 160 photographs of women found in the possession of the main suspect, Lonnie David Franklin Jr. Although many of them have been identified, none have turned out to be victims. Grim Sleeper Suspect Pleads Not GuiltyAug. 24, 2010The man accused of killing ten women in South Los Angeles in the Grim Sleeper case has entered a not guilty plea to 10 counts of murder and one count of attempted murder. Lonnie Franklin Jr. also faces special circumstance charges making him eligible for the death penalty in California. Arrest Made in Grim Sleeper Serial Killer CaseJuly 7, 2010Using DNA from his son to identify him as a suspect, the Los Angeles Police Department has arrested a man suspected in 11 serial killings going back to 1985. Lonnie Franklin Jr., who once worked as a police garage attendant, was charged with 10 counts of murder, one count of attempted murder with special circumstances of multiple murders. Police Release Sketch of Grim SleeperNov. 24, 2009The Los Angeles Police Department has released a sketch of a man they suspect in at least 11 deaths since the 1980s in hopes of tracking down the serial killer. The suspect is known only as the Grim Sleeper due to the fact that he apparently took a 14-year hiatus. Reward Set for Grim Sleeper Serial KillerSept. 5, 2008Los Angeles detectives hope a $500,000 reward set by the city council last week will produce some new leads in the case of a serial killer they believe is responsible for 11 deaths over a two decade period. All of the victims, 10 women and a man, were black and were found near South Los Angeles.

Featured Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Featured - Article Example In the Bahrain Grand prix history, the 2011 event has been considered as a dark event because the race was delayed due to protests in Bahrain. The situation was aggravated to an extent that even driver such as Mark Webber and Damon Hill protested (Galloway, 2014). In this article, the author argues that the Bahrain formula one grand prix switch to a night occasion for 2014 has been confirmed with the race organizers. Further, the article asserts that the race will be shown live on the sky sport formula one channel, which would occur under floodlights at six pm Bahrain local time. The 2014 race that will be held under floodlights is the second formula one competition to be held at night after the race in Singapore. The organizers decided the race to occur at night as a commemoration of the 10th anniversary of the Bahrain Grand Prix that started in 2004. Having chosen to celebrate the 10th anniversary in the Grand Prix, the organizers converted the April competition race into the Calendar’s second nighttime race. In addition, the race organizers installed a lighting system around the 6 km field that was tracked during the global endurance championship race that took place in the same venue in November 2013 (Galloway, 2014). It is clear from the article that the session start times for the other coming races or competitions for the formula one season have been confirmed with Bahrain given the chance to organize and stage qualifying and the final races under floodlights from six pm Bahrain local time that is four pm BST. Unlike the previous races, the Friday races will start at two pm local time while the second practice starting at six pm. The third practice will take place at three pm on Saturday. Because it is the second country to host formula one race under floodlights, Bahrain joins Singapore, a place where formula one staged its first competition under the floodlights. All the Grand Prix events in Bahrain will be aired live on Sky sports television.

In the present day, why are some countries rich and other countries Essay

In the present day, why are some countries rich and other countries poor - Essay Example markable victory of capitalist financial systems in North America, Western Europe and East Asia and by the miserable breakdown of socialist schema in the eastern part of Europe and the former Soviet Union (Sachs, Mellinger and Gallup 2000). The ever-changing world system of economy aggravates discrimination and inequality in the Third World. Foreign ventures carry further wealth for the already highly-industrialised rich nations as manufacturing employments are lost to the underdeveloped nations. Hunger and poverty, being the most crucial dilemmas facing the Third World today will continue to prevail unless the gulf between the two nations is mended. This paper will explain the standpoints of the theories of Third World Dependency on the First World; the Capitalism and Protectionism by the Rich Nations; and Globalisation of markets. The uneven distribution of world income will likewise be presented, as well as the debt crisis that worsens the economic conditions of the deprived civilisations. Moreover, it will attempt to explain the gap between the developed and underdeveloped countries, which when not quickly bridged may aggravate hunger and poverty in the Third World and may cause the economic collapse of both worlds. The greatest distinct gauge of a nation’s success is gross national product (GNP) per capita or gross domestic product (GDP) per capita– the overall worth of a countrys economic production, divided by its population (Sachs, Mellinger and Gallup 2000). Figure 1 below shows the world distribution of GDP per capita obviously exposing the immense gap between the first and third worlds. The richest countries or the highly industrialised nations of the world include the United States, majority of Western Europe, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan. These countries have high per capita output and highly developed market economies based on the huge supply of capital goods, innovative technologies, and a highly-educated labour force. The